Jeremiah
- LAST REVIEWED: 24 March 2021
- LAST MODIFIED: 24 March 2021
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195393361-0060
- LAST REVIEWED: 24 March 2021
- LAST MODIFIED: 24 March 2021
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195393361-0060
Introduction
The Book of Jeremiah is the second of the major prophetic books of the Hebrew Bible, although Rabbinic tradition sometimes places it first following Kings and prior to Ezekiel due to its thematic focus on destruction (b. Baba Batra 14b–15a). It presents the words of the prophet, Jeremiah son of Hilkiah, who lived in Jerusalem during the reigns of the Judean kings, Josiah (640–609 BCE), Jehoahaz (609 BCE), Jehoiakim (609–598 BCE), Jehoiachin (597 BCE), and Zedekiah (597–587 or 586 BCE). Jeremiah was a Levitical priest from Anathoth, who resided in Jerusalem during the last years of the kingdom of Judah. Major events during the period ascribed to Jeremiah include the outset of King Josiah’s reforms (c. 628 BCE), the death of Josiah (609 BCE), the Babylonian subjugation of Judah (605 BCE), Nebuchadnezzar’s first deportation of Jews to Babylon (597 BCE), the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem (587–586 BCE), and the assassination of Gedaliah (582 BCE). Jeremiah interpreted the Babylonian subjugation of Jerusalem in 605 BCE and the later destruction of Jerusalem in 587 or 586 BCE as acts of punishment by YHWH, the G-d of Israel and Judah, for the people’s alleged failure to observe the divine will. Although the book of Jeremiah is largely concerned with destruction, it also holds out hope for the restoration of Israel and Jerusalem, especially in Jeremiah 30–33. The book appears in two very distinctive forms from antiquity. The Hebrew Masoretic text (MT) is the standard form of Jeremiah in Jewish Bibles, but the Greek Septuagint (LXX) form of the book is approximately one-eighth shorter and displays a very different arrangement of materials (e.g., the oracles concerning the nations in MT Jeremiah 46–51 appear following portions of Jeremiah 25 in the LXX form of the book). The Dead Sea Scrolls likewise include remnants of early Hebrew forms of both of these versions. Scholarly consensus maintains that both versions grew out of a common original text, although the issue is still debated.
Introductory Works
Short literary-critical, historical-critical, and theological introductions to the study of Jeremiah appear in Blenkinsopp 1996, Petersen 2002, Nogalski 2018, and Sharp 2019. Sharp 2016 includes various sub-sections on Jeremiah and its history of interpretation. Full-length introductions to the book of Jeremiah are provided in Avioz 2009, Crouch 2017, and Mills 2017. Heschel 1962 and Rad 1965 offer theological assessments of the prophets’ works, and Sweeney 2005 provides literary-theological analyses of the Greek and Hebrew versions of the book as a whole.
Avioz, Michael. “I Sat Alone”: Jeremiah among the Prophets. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2009.
A nontechnical beginner’s guide to the book of Jeremiah that situates the text within its historical circumstances and the larger prophetic tradition. Avioz uses the prophet as a focal point for the discussion. Originally published in Hebrew in 2004 (Tel Aviv: Misrad ha-Bitahon).
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. A History of Prophecy in Israel. Rev. and enl. ed. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996.
Foundational historical-critical introductions to Jeremiah in relation to the history of Israel/Judah and the ancient Near Eastern world. Especially valuable for bibliographies.
Crouch, C. L. An Introduction to the Study of Jeremiah. T & T Clark Approaches to Biblical Studies. London and New York: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, 2017.
An introduction to the study of Jeremiah, which addresses historical and literary methods and the history of research in the 20th century.
Heschel, Abraham Joshua. The Prophets. New York: Harper & Row, 1962.
A phenomenological introduction to Jeremiah that focuses on the themes of human apprehension of G-d and divine pathos.
Mills, Mary E. Jeremiah: Prophecy in a Time of Crisis. T & T Clark Study Guides to the Old Testament 20. London: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, 2017.
A brief introduction and study guide on the history of modern scholarship. Best for intermediate learners who want an overview of Jeremiah scholars, their methods, and conclusions. See review online.
Nogalski, James D. Introduction to the Hebrew Prophets. Nashville: Abingdon, 2018.
A historical-critical introduction to the prophets, which concentrates on the compositional nature of the prophetic texts and their ever-changing meaning in new literary and historical contexts.
Petersen, David L. The Prophetic Literature: An Introduction. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2002.
A standard historical-critical introduction to the book of Jeremiah, which addresses the formation of the book. Includes discussion of oracle types and social background.
Rad, Gerhard von. Old Testament Theology. Vol. 2, The Theology of Israel’s Prophetic Traditions. Translated by D. M. G. Stalker. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Provides a tradition-historical and theological assessment of Jeremiah that focuses on the Mosaic traditions that inform the theological message of the book.
Sharp, Carolyn J. The Prophetic Literature. Core Biblical Studies. Nashville: Abingdon, 2019.
A historical, theological, and hermeneutical introduction to the prophets for beginners and classroom environments. Engages concepts of ideology and memory while focusing on theological themes such as restoration, divine-human struggle, holiness, and prophetic polyphony.
Sharp, Carolyn J., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
A massive scholarly resource on the Latter Prophets, covering methods, themes, contexts, interdisciplinary intersections, and more. See review online. Available online by subscription.
Sweeney, Marvin A. The Prophetic Literature. Interpreting Biblical Texts. Nashville: Abingdon, 2005.
Contains a literary-critical and a theological assessment of the MT and the LXX versions of the book of Jeremiah. The study is attentive to its historical background but focuses on a reading of the final literary forms of the book to discern their distinctive theological viewpoints.
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