Women, Girls, and Reentry
- LAST MODIFIED: 24 May 2018
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0247
- LAST MODIFIED: 24 May 2018
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0247
Introduction
In the past, criminal justice approaches were generally designed to respond to male crime because the court-involved population was largely male. Since the 1980s, the number of women and girls in the criminal justice system has dramatically risen. This rise translates into large numbers of females reentering communities following incarceration. In response, practitioners and researchers have developed, implemented, and evaluated programs specifically for females. We have learned that females who engage in criminal behavior have different risks and needs than their male counterparts. Research shows that scholars and practitioners should focus on developing and implementing gender-responsive reentry approaches to address female crime. This annotated bibliography presents recent gender-specific literature to serve as a tool for academics, students, policymakers, and practitioners to investigate the complex differences between males and females in the juvenile and criminal justice systems and gender-responsive reentry strategies for formerly incarcerated females.
Gender and Juvenile Reentry
Youth in out-of-home correctional placement, such as group homes and detention centers, face unique challenges when reentering their communities. The juvenile justice system is committed to rehabilitating boys and girls. However, it has been designed to respond to male delinquency. Over time, practitioners and scholars have collaborated to document girls’ unique pathways to crime as well as their unique risks and needs. In this section, the reader will discover literature indicating that these gender-specific factors require gender-responsive programming and policy to effectively address the needs of females. Fields and Abrams 2010 presents evidence of the gender-specific reentry needs of court-involved girls in multiple domains. Similarly, Toldson, et al. 2010 inquires into the gendered educational strengths and vulnerabilities of adjudicated adolescents, noting racial differences among girls. This evidence suggests that gender-responsive reentry services for youth should also be culturally informed. Stevens, et al. 2011 explores policy-related explanations for the dramatic increase in court-involved girls. Stein, et al. 2015 supports this notion, finding racial differences in incarcerated girls’ pathways and risks. In summary, the evidence displays the merit of continued gender-specific reentry research for juveniles.
Fields, D., and L. S. Abrams. 2010. Gender differences in the perceived needs and barriers of youth offenders preparing for community reentry. Child & Youth Care Forum 39.4: 253–269.
DOI: 10.1007/s10566-010-9102-x
This article identifies important domains for gender-specific intervention development to facilitate positive reentry outcomes of incarcerated adolescents. Fields and Abrams examined risk factors (e.g., reoffending, perceived reentry needs, anticipated barriers to reentry) through bivariate analysis and descriptive statistics and observed significant gender differences. Girls more often reported indicators of transiency and housing concerns, as well as intentions to pursue higher education and mental health services upon reentry. Outcomes highlight the need for gender-responsive reentry services for youth.
Stein, L. A. R., M. Clair, J. S. Rossi, R. A. Martin, M. K. Cancilliere, and J. G. Clarke. 2015. Gender, ethnicity and race in incarcerated and detained youth: Services and policy implications for girls. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 38.1: 65–73.
DOI: 10.1037/prj0000089
Using the Risk-Needs-Responsivity model to examine racial or ethnic differences or both of incarcerated girls, these researchers found girls received worse grades, displayed more pathology, had more familial problems, were younger at time of lockup, and were more likely to report being homosexual or bisexual than boys. Caucasian girls started drugs at younger ages, displayed more symptoms of conduct disorder and pathology, and reported more parental abuse than minority girls. The authors call for age- and race-sensitive reentry planning for girls.
Stevens, T., M. Morash, and M. Chesney-Lind. 2011. Are girls getting tougher, or are we tougher on girls? Probability of arrest and juvenile court oversight in 1980 and 2000. Justice Quarterly 28.5: 719–744.
DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2010.532146
This study compared policy changes to explore a relationship between policy harshness and the rising of girls’ assault convictions. The probability of conviction and institutional placement was analyzed with survey data collected from 12,686 youths in 1979 and 8,984 youths in 1997. Results show that female adolescents and black male adolescents were significantly more likely to become court-involved. These findings suggest that society has become more concerned with responding to female and black youth violence. The authors recommend further research to identify specific policies exacerbating this gender- and race-specific increase.
Toldson, I. A., K. M. Woodson, R. Braithwaite, R. C. Holliday, and M. De La Rosa. 2010. Academic potential among African American adolescents in juvenile detention centers: Implications for reentry to school. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 49.8: 551–570.
DOI: 10.1080/10509674.2010.519666
Multivariate analysis is used to compare characteristics of male and female adjudicated adolescents to explore demographic differences of school reentry outcomes. Black females reported the most motivation for school continuation and career goals; however, risk of not attaining these goals was connected to childhood trauma (e.g., emotional, physical, or sexual abuse) and depressive symptoms (e.g., sadness, despondence). This article is well suited for policymakers interested in improving black adjudicated girls’ mental health and academic outcomes.
Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login.
How to Subscribe
Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here.
Article
- Active Offender Research
- Actus Reus
- Adler, Freda
- Adversarial System of Justice
- Adverse Childhood Experiences
- Aging Prison Population, The
- Airport and Airline Security
- Alcohol and Drug Prohibition
- Alcohol Use, Policy and Crime
- Alt-Right Gangs and White Power Youth Groups
- Animals, Crimes Against
- Anomie
- Arson
- Art Crime
- Back-End Sentencing and Parole Revocation
- Bail and Pretrial Detention
- Batterer Intervention Programs
- Bentham, Jeremy
- Big Data and Communities and Crime
- Biosocial Criminology
- Blackmail
- Black's Theory of Law and Social Control
- Blumstein, Alfred
- Boot Camps and Shock Incarceration Programs
- Burglary, Residential
- Bystander Intervention
- Capital Punishment
- Chambliss, William
- Chicago School of Criminology, The
- Child Maltreatment
- Chinese Triad Society
- Civil Protection Orders
- Collateral Consequences of Felony Conviction and Imprisonm...
- Collective Efficacy
- Commercial and Bank Robbery
- Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
- Communicating Scientific Findings in the Courtroom
- Community Change and Crime
- Community Corrections
- Community Disadvantage and Crime
- Community-Based Justice Systems
- Community-Based Substance Use Prevention
- Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
- CompStat Models of Police Performance Management
- Confessions, False and Coerced
- Conservation Criminology
- Consumer Fraud
- Contextual Analysis of Crime
- Control Balance Theory
- Convict Criminology
- Co-Offending and the Role of Accomplices
- Corporate Crime
- Costs of Crime and Justice
- Courts, Drug
- Courts, Juvenile
- Courts, Mental Health
- Courts, Problem-Solving
- Crime and Justice in Latin America
- Crime, Campus
- Crime Control Policy
- Crime Control, Politics of
- Crime, (In)Security, and Islam
- Crime Prevention, Delinquency and
- Crime Prevention, Situational
- Crime Prevention, Voluntary Organizations and
- Crime Trends
- Crime Victims' Rights Movement
- Criminal Career Research
- Criminal Decision Making, Emotions in
- Criminal Justice Data Sources
- Criminal Justice Ethics
- Criminal Justice Fines and Fees
- Criminal Justice Reform, Politics of
- Criminal Justice System, Discretion in the
- Criminal Records
- Criminal Retaliation
- Criminal Talk
- Criminology and Political Science
- Criminology of Genocide, The
- Critical Criminology
- Cross-National Crime
- Cross-Sectional Research Designs in Criminology and Crimin...
- Cultural Criminology
- Cultural Theories
- Cybercrime
- Cybercrime Investigations and Prosecutions
- Cycle of Violence
- Day Fines
- Deadly Force
- Defining "Success" in Corrections and Reentry
- Desistance
- Deterrence
- Developmental and Life-Course Criminology
- Digital Piracy
- Driving and Traffic Offenses
- Drug Control
- Drug Trafficking, International
- Drugs and Crime
- Elder Abuse
- Electronically Monitored Home Confinement
- Employee Theft
- Environmental Crime and Justice
- Experimental Criminology
- Extortion
- Family Violence
- Fear of Crime and Perceived Risk
- Felon Disenfranchisement
- Femicide
- Feminist Theories
- Feminist Victimization Theories
- Fencing and Stolen Goods Markets
- Firearms and Violence
- Forensic Science
- For-Profit Private Prisons and the Criminal Justice–Indust...
- Fraud
- Gambling
- Gangs, Peers, and Co-offending
- Gender and Crime
- Gendered Crime Pathways
- General Opportunity Victimization Theories
- Genetics, Environment, and Crime
- Green Criminology
- Halfway Houses
- Harm Reduction and Risky Behaviors
- Hate Crime
- Hate Crime Legislation
- Healthcare Fraud
- Hirschi, Travis
- History of Crime in the United Kingdom
- History of Criminology
- Homelessness and Crime
- Homicide
- Homicide Victimization
- Honor Cultures and Violence
- Hot Spots Policing
- Human Rights
- Human Trafficking
- Identity Theft
- Immigration, Crime, and Justice
- Incarceration, Mass
- Incarceration, Public Health Effects of
- Income Tax Evasion
- Institutional Anomie Theory
- Integrated Theory
- Intermediate Sanctions
- Interpersonal Violence, Historical Patterns of
- Interrogation
- Intimate Partner Violence, Criminological Perspectives on
- Intimate Partner Violence, Police Responses to
- Investigation, Criminal
- Juvenile Delinquency
- Juvenile Justice System, The
- Kidnapping
- Kornhauser, Ruth Rosner
- Labeling Theory
- Labor Markets and Crime
- Land Use and Crime
- Lead and Crime
- Legitimacy
- LGBTQ Intimate Partner Violence
- LGBTQ People in Prison
- Life Without Parole Sentencing
- Local Institutions and Neighborhood Crime
- Lombroso, Cesare
- Longitudinal Research in Criminology
- Mandatory Minimum Sentencing
- Mapping and Spatial Analysis of Crime, The
- Mass Media, Crime, and Justice
- Measuring Crime
- Mediation and Dispute Resolution Programs
- Mental Health and Crime
- Merton, Robert K.
- Meta-analysis in Criminology
- Middle-Class Crime and Criminality
- Migrant Detention and Incarceration
- Money Laundering
- Motor Vehicle Theft
- Multi-Level Marketing Scams
- Murder, Serial
- Narrative Criminology
- National Deviancy Symposia, The
- Nature Versus Nurture
- Neighborhood Disorder
- Neutralization Theory
- New Penology, The
- Offender Decision-Making and Motivation
- Offense Specialization/Expertise
- Organized Crime
- Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs
- Panel Methods in Criminology
- Peacemaking Criminology
- Peer Networks and Delinquency
- Performance Measurement and Accountability Systems
- Personality and Trait Theories of Crime
- Persons with a Mental Illness, Police Encounters with
- Phenomenological Theories of Crime
- Plea Bargaining
- Poaching
- Police Administration
- Police Cooperation, International
- Police Discretion
- Police Effectiveness
- Police History
- Police Militarization
- Police Misconduct
- Police, Race and the
- Police Use of Force
- Police, Violence against the
- Policing and Law Enforcement
- Policing, Body-Worn Cameras and
- Policing, Broken Windows
- Policing, Community and Problem-Oriented
- Policing Cybercrime
- Policing, Evidence-Based
- Policing, Intelligence-Led
- Policing, Privatization of
- Policing, Proactive
- Policing, School
- Policing, Stop-and-Frisk
- Policing, Third Party
- Polyvictimization
- Positivist Criminology
- Pretrial Detention, Alternatives to
- Pretrial Diversion
- Prison Administration
- Prison Classification
- Prison, Disciplinary Segregation in
- Prison Education Exchange Programs
- Prison Gangs and Subculture
- Prison History
- Prison Labor
- Prison Visitation
- Prisoner Reentry
- Prisons and Jails
- Private Security
- Probation Revocation
- Procedural Justice
- Property Crime
- Prosecution and Courts
- Prostitution
- Psychiatry, Psychology, and Crime: Historical and Current ...
- Psychology and Crime
- Public Criminology
- Public Opinion, Crime and Justice
- Public Order Crimes
- Public Social Control and Neighborhood Crime
- Punishment Justification and Goals
- Qualitative Methods in Criminology
- Queer Criminology
- Race and Sentencing Research Advancements
- Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice
- Racial Threat Hypothesis
- Racial Profiling
- Rape and Sexual Assault
- Rape, Fear of
- Rational Choice Theories
- Rehabilitation
- Religion and Crime
- Restorative Justice
- Risk Assessment
- Routine Activity Theories
- School Bullying
- School Crime and Violence
- School Safety, Security, and Discipline
- Search Warrants
- Seasonality and Crime
- Self-Control, The General Theory:
- Self-Report Crime Surveys
- Sentencing Enhancements
- Sentencing, Evidence-Based
- Sentencing Guidelines
- Sentencing Policy
- Sex Crimes
- Sex Offender Policies and Legislation
- Sex Trafficking
- Sexual Revictimization
- Situational Action Theory
- Snitching and Use of Criminal Informants
- Social and Intellectual Context of Criminology, The
- Social Construction of Crime, The
- Social Control of Tobacco Use
- Social Control Theory
- Social Disorganization
- Social Ecology of Crime
- Social Learning Theory
- Social Networks
- Social Threat and Social Control
- Solitary Confinement
- South Africa, Crime and Justice in
- Sport Mega-Events Security
- Stalking and Harassment
- State Crime
- State Dependence and Population Heterogeneity in Theories ...
- Strain Theories
- Street Code
- Street Robbery
- Substance Use and Abuse
- Surveillance, Public and Private
- Sutherland, Edwin H.
- Technology and the Criminal Justice System
- Technology, Criminal Use of
- Terrorism
- Terrorism and Hate Crime
- Terrorism, Criminological Explanations for
- Testimony, Eyewitness
- Therapeutic Jurisprudence
- Trajectory Methods in Criminology
- Transnational Crime
- Truth-In-Sentencing
- Urban Politics and Crime
- US War on Terrorism, Legal Perspectives on the
- Victimization, Adolescent
- Victimization, Biosocial Theories of
- Victimization Patterns and Trends
- Victimization, Repeat
- Victimization, Vicarious and Related Forms of Secondary Tr...
- Victimless Crime
- Victim-Offender Overlap, The
- Violence Against Women
- Violence, Youth
- Violent Crime
- White-Collar Crime
- White-Collar Crime, The Global Financial Crisis and
- White-Collar Crime, Women and
- Wilson, James Q.
- Wolfgang, Marvin
- Women, Girls, and Reentry
- Wrongful Conviction