Global Mindedness and Global Citizenship Education
- LAST REVIEWED: 27 October 2016
- LAST MODIFIED: 27 October 2016
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0161
- LAST REVIEWED: 27 October 2016
- LAST MODIFIED: 27 October 2016
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0161
Introduction
The terms global mindedness and global competence refer to the ability of individuals to understand the world in which they live and how they fit into that world, as well as to their willingness to take action on global issues. Global citizenship is a way of thinking and behaving as an active member of a global community who possesses global mindedness and global competence. However, global mindedness, global competence, and global citizenship are highly contested terms used interchangeably in the literature. Global citizenship education aims to build global mindedness, global competence, and global citizenship. Several terms are also used interchangeably with that of global citizenship education in the literature: global education, global learning, international education, and globalization/internationalization of curricula/program. This article uses global citizenship education (GCE) as an umbrella term to be inclusive of all forms of learning that lead to global citizenship. But when citing a specific work, the term that was adopted in that work is employed. There are two main frameworks for GCE: liberalist, cosmopolitan, and humanist; and critical and postcolonial. The former focuses on cultivating humanity with an emphasis on understanding others in a global community and empowering individuals to act, raising awareness of global issues and promoting participation in campaigns. The latter focuses on social inequality and injustice, empowering individuals to reflect critically on their own cultures in relation to power, voice, and differences and to take informed and responsible decisions and actions on global issues. Although the recent literature strongly advocates for the critical framework (critical GCE), the liberal humanistic approach is also appropriate in certain contexts and can serve as an introductory step to GCE. Therefore, assessment of and interventions for GCE in PK-12 and higher education are based on the humanistic or critical framework or a combination of these two. However, it should be noted that some intervention strategies for GCE, especially those adopted by some higher education programs, are based on a neoliberal capitalist approach that is driven by self-interest, adopting neither the humanistic nor the critical framework. The most prevalent intervention in higher education is study abroad, despite mixed findings about its effectiveness. In PK-12 education, GCE has been addressed in the curriculum for civic or citizenship education in social studies for a long time. In recent years, educators have advocated strongly for the integration of critical GCE across subjects, which has accelerated research on instructional strategies at school and classroom levels. Examples of effective interventions include the International Baccalaureate program and project-based learning. In addition, positive teacher dispositions and the use of critical framework in teacher preparation/in-service training were also found to play an important role in implementing critical GCE in PK-12 education. This new emphasis on the critical GCE framework has resulted in the creation of a plethora of resources for teachers and teacher educators.
Books
The books in this section advance understanding of the themes of global citizenship education (GCE) under review. They are included here because they cover more than one GCE theme and, thus, cannot be placed in any one section of this article. They will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, administrators, and policymakers. Burbules and Torres 2000, one of the most influential books in critical and global education, includes theoretical discussions from critical perspectives about the impact of globalization on education. It is useful for researchers and practitioners who wish to understand the theoretical background of critical GCE. Peters, et al. 2008 contends that GCE should be viewed in contemporary political contexts and, thus, issues of globalization should be addressed through education. Schattle 2008 proposes six concepts of global citizenship to frame insights about how individuals and organizations practice global citizenship in everyday life. Lindsay and Blanchett 2011 provides a survey of GCE around the world, offering information to guide higher education in responding effectively to globalization as well as contexts for research. Williams and Lee 2015 provides strategies for implementing intercultural pedagogy in contemporary higher education for administrators and faculty who are interested in internationalizing the curriculum. It is a useful resource for researchers as well. Lewin 2009 provides a wealth of strategies for, and models of, study abroad programs, and offers useful resources for higher education policymakers, administrators, and faculty who are interested in aligning university study abroad programs with the mission of helping college students achieve global citizenship. It is also relevant for researchers. Harshman, et al. 2015 is an excellent collection of studies on pedagogical strategies utilized in GCE. The work discusses theoretical perspectives and key terms for understanding critical GCE. Peterson and Warwick 2015 is a useful teaching tool for teacher educators with activities that prompt students to engage critically and reflectively on key themes of GCE.
Burbules, Nicholas C., and Carlos Alberto Torres. 2000. Globalization and education: Critical perspectives. New York: Routledge.
One of the most influential books for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers for understanding how globalization affects educational concepts, policies, and practices. Discusses key themes of globalization and critical pedagogy that include neoliberalism, the state, restructuring, reform, management, feminism, identity, citizenship, community, multiculturalism, new social environment, popular culture, and the local aspect.
Harshman, Jason, Tami Augustine, and Merry Merryfield, eds. 2015. Research in global citizenship education. Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
An excellent book that provides researchers with a foundation for further inquiry on theoretical perspectives and pedagogical practices to enhance global citizenship education (GCE). Addresses theoretical frameworks in GCE, studies of classroom practices, and variables that affect GCE in the United States and elsewhere.
Lewin, Ross, ed. 2009. The handbook of practice and research in study abroad: Higher education and the quest for global citizenship. New York: Routledge.
A comprehensive reference book for developing and implementing study abroad programs. Consists of four sections: theory and concept of global citizenship, models for aligning study abroad with academic mission, challenges and strategies for achieving global citizenship through study abroad, and innovative curricular models for helping students realize global citizenship. Also relevant for researchers.
Lindsay, Beverly, and Wanda Blanchett, eds. 2011. Universities and global diversity. New York: Routledge.
Provides an informative overview of approaches that universities in various countries have taken to globalization and diversity for preparing the future workforce, including teachers. It illustrates challenges and structural changes associated with global diversity. Examples from Asia, Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, Europe, New Zealand, North America, and South America.
Peters, Michael A., Alan Britton, and Harry Blee, eds. 2008. Global citizenship education: Philosophy, theory and pedagogy. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
Essays on conceptual, philosophical, historical, and theoretical backgrounds of global citizenship education (GCE). The contributors present political contexts of global issues and how issues are addressed through citizenship education in Europe, Africa, South Africa, Middle East, and the United States. Advocates a social justice approach to GCE. Relevant for researchers, policymakers, and teacher educators.
Peterson, Andrew, and Paul Warwick. 2015. Global learning and education: Key concepts and effective practice. New York: Routledge.
A useful tool for teacher educators for developing the ability of teacher education students to think critically and reflectively on key themes of global citizenship education. Includes activities that guide students through critical engagement and reflexivity.
Schattle, Hans. 2008. The practices of global citizenship. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Schattle presents a framework for understanding global citizenship as practiced by individuals and organizations in everyday life. The author delineates six concepts of global citizenship: awareness, responsibility, participation, cross-cultural empathy, international mobility, and achievement.
Williams, Rhiannon, and Amy Lee, eds. 2015. Internationalizing higher education: Critical collaborations across curriculum. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
A volume packed with strategies for university administers and faculty for developing and implementing intercultural pedagogy. Strategies are relevant for interventions at institutional and instructional levels, including course design and use of technology such as social media. Also relevant for researchers.
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Article
- Academic Achievement
- Academic Audit for Universities
- Academic Freedom and Tenure in the United States
- Action Research in Education
- Adjuncts in Higher Education in the United States
- Administrator Preparation
- Adolescence
- Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Courses
- Advocacy and Activism in Early Childhood
- African American Racial Identity and Learning
- Alaska Native Education
- Alternative Certification Programs for Educators
- Alternative Schools
- American Indian Education
- Animals in Environmental Education
- Art Education
- Artificial Intelligence and Learning
- Assessing School Leader Effectiveness
- Assessment, Behavioral
- Assessment, Educational
- Assessment in Early Childhood Education
- Assistive Technology
- Augmented Reality in Education
- Beginning-Teacher Induction
- Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
- Black Undergraduate Women: Critical Race and Gender Perspe...
- Black Women in Academia
- Blended Learning
- Bullying
- Case Study in Education Research
- Changing Professional and Academic Identities
- Character Education
- Children’s and Young Adult Literature
- Children's Beliefs about Intelligence
- Children's Rights in Early Childhood Education
- Citizenship Education
- Civic and Social Engagement of Higher Education
- Classroom Learning Environments: Assessing and Investigati...
- Classroom Management
- Coherent Instructional Systems at the School and School Sy...
- College Admissions in the United States
- College Athletics in the United States
- Community Relations
- Comparative Education
- Computer-Assisted Language Learning
- Computer-Based Testing
- Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Evaluating Improvement Net...
- Continuous Improvement and "High Leverage" Educational Pro...
- Counseling in Schools
- Creativity
- Critical Approaches to Gender in Higher Education
- Critical Perspectives on Educational Innovation and Improv...
- Critical Race Theory
- Crossborder and Transnational Higher Education
- Cross-National Research on Continuous Improvement
- Cross-Sector Research on Continuous Learning and Improveme...
- Cultural Diversity in Early Childhood Education
- Culturally Responsive Leadership
- Culturally Responsive Pedagogies
- Culturally Responsive Teacher Education in the United Stat...
- Curriculum Design
- Data Collection in Educational Research
- Data-driven Decision Making in the United States
- Deaf Education
- Desegregation and Integration
- Design Thinking and the Learning Sciences: Theoretical, Pr...
- Development, Moral
- Dialogic Pedagogy
- Digital Age Teacher, The
- Digital Citizenship
- Digital Divides
- Disabilities
- Distance Learning
- Distributed Leadership
- Doctoral Education and Training
- Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in Denmark
- Early Childhood Education and Development in Mexico
- Early Childhood Education in Aotearoa New Zealand
- Early Childhood Education in Australia
- Early Childhood Education in China
- Early Childhood Education in Europe
- Early Childhood Education in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Early Childhood Education in Sweden
- Early Childhood Education Pedagogy
- Early Childhood Education Policy
- Early Childhood Education, The Arts in
- Early Childhood Mathematics
- Early Childhood Science
- Early Childhood Teacher Education
- Early Childhood Teachers in Aotearoa New Zealand
- Early Years Professionalism and Professionalization Polici...
- Economics of Education
- Education For Children with Autism
- Education for Sustainable Development
- Education Leadership, Empirical Perspectives in
- Education of Native Hawaiian Students
- Education Reform and School Change
- Educational Research Approaches: A Comparison
- Educational Statistics for Longitudinal Research
- Educator Partnerships with Parents and Families with a Foc...
- Emotional and Affective Issues in Environmental and Sustai...
- Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
- English as an International Language for Academic Publishi...
- Environmental and Science Education: Overlaps and Issues
- Environmental Education
- Environmental Education in Brazil
- Epistemic Beliefs
- Equity and Improvement: Engaging Communities in Educationa...
- Equity, Ethnicity, Diversity, and Excellence in Education
- Ethical Research with Young Children
- Ethics and Education
- Ethics of Teaching
- Ethnic Studies
- Europe, History of Education in
- Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention
- Family and Community Partnerships in Education
- Family Day Care
- Federal Government Programs and Issues
- Feminization of Labor in Academia
- Finance, Education
- Financial Aid
- Formative Assessment
- Future-Focused Education
- Gender and Achievement
- Gender and Alternative Education
- Gender, Power and Politics in the Academy
- Gender-Based Violence on University Campuses
- Gifted Education
- Girls' Education in the Developing World
- Global Mindedness and Global Citizenship Education
- Global University Rankings
- Governance, Education
- Grounded Theory
- Growth of Effective Mental Health Services in Schools in t...
- Higher Education and Globalization
- Higher Education and the Developing World
- Higher Education Faculty Characteristics and Trends in the...
- Higher Education Finance
- Higher Education Governance
- Higher Education Graduate Outcomes and Destinations
- Higher Education in Africa
- Higher Education in China
- Higher Education in Latin America
- Higher Education in the United States, Historical Evolutio...
- Higher Education, International Issues in
- Higher Education Management
- Higher Education Policy
- Higher Education Research
- Higher Education Student Assessment
- High-stakes Testing
- History of Early Childhood Education in the United States
- History of Education in the United States
- History of Technology Integration in Education
- Homeschooling
- Inclusion in Early Childhood: Difference, Disability, and ...
- Inclusive Education
- Indigenous Education in a Global Context
- Indigenous Learning Environments
- Indigenous Students in Higher Education in the United Stat...
- Infant and Toddler Pedagogy
- Inservice Teacher Education
- Integrating Art across the Curriculum
- Intelligence
- Intensive Interventions for Children and Adolescents with ...
- International Perspectives on Academic Freedom
- Intersectionality and Education
- Knowledge Development in Early Childhood
- Leadership Development, Coaching and Feedback for
- Leadership in Early Childhood Education
- Leadership Training with an Emphasis on the United States
- Learning Analytics in Higher Education
- Learning Difficulties
- Learning, Lifelong
- Learning, Multimedia
- Learning Strategies
- Legal Matters and Education Law
- LGBT Youth in Schools
- Linguistic Diversity
- Linguistically Inclusive Pedagogy
- Literacy
- Literacy Development and Language Acquisition
- Literature Reviews
- Mathematics Identity
- Mathematics Instruction and Interventions for Students wit...
- Mathematics Teacher Education
- Measurement for Improvement in Education
- Measurement in Education in the United States
- Meta-Analysis and Research Synthesis in Education
- Methodological Approaches for Impact Evaluation in Educati...
- Methodologies for Conducting Education Research
- Mindfulness, Learning, and Education
- Mixed Methods Research
- Motherscholars
- Motivation
- Multiliteracies in Early Childhood Education
- Multiple Documents Literacy: Theory, Research, and Applica...
- Multivariate Research Methodology
- Museums, Education, and Curriculum
- Music Education
- Narrative Research in Education
- Native American Studies
- Nonformal and Informal Environmental Education
- Note-Taking
- Numeracy Education
- One-to-One Technology in the K-12 Classroom
- Online Education
- Open Education
- Organizing for Continuous Improvement in Education
- Organizing Schools for the Inclusion of Students with Disa...
- Outdoor Play and Learning
- Outdoor Play and Learning in Early Childhood Education
- Pedagogical Leadership
- Pedagogy of Teacher Education, A
- Performance Objectives and Measurement
- Performance-based Research Assessment in Higher Education
- Performance-based Research Funding
- Phenomenology in Educational Research
- Philosophy of Education
- Physical Education
- Play
- Podcasts in Education
- Policy
- Policy Context of United States Educational Innovation and...
- Politics of Education
- Portable Technology Use in Special Education Programs and ...
- Post-humanism and Environmental Education
- Pre-Service Teacher Education
- Problem Solving
- Productivity and Higher Education
- Professional Development
- Professional Learning Communities
- Program Evaluation
- Programs and Services for Students with Emotional or Behav...
- Psychology Learning and Teaching
- Psychometric Issues in the Assessment of English Language ...
- Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques
- Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Research Samp...
- Qualitative Research Design
- Quantitative Research Designs in Educational Research
- Queering the English Language Arts (ELA) Writing Classroom
- Race and Affirmative Action in Higher Education
- Reading Education
- Refugee and New Immigrant Learners
- Relational and Developmental Trauma and Schools
- Relational Pedagogies in Early Childhood Education
- Reliability in Educational Assessments
- Religion in Elementary and Secondary Education in the Unit...
- Researcher Development and Skills Training within the Cont...
- Research-Practice Partnerships in Education within the Uni...
- Response to Intervention
- Restorative Practices
- Risky Play in Early Childhood Education
- Role of Gender Equity Work on University Campuses through ...
- Scale and Sustainability of Education Innovation and Impro...
- Scaling Up Research-based Educational Practices
- School Accreditation
- School Choice
- School Culture
- School District Budgeting and Financial Management in the ...
- School Improvement through Inclusive Education
- School Reform
- Schools, Private and Independent
- School-Wide Positive Behavior Support
- Science Education
- Secondary to Postsecondary Transition Issues
- Self-Regulated Learning
- Self-Study of Teacher Education Practices
- Service-Learning
- Severe Disabilities
- Single Salary Schedule
- Single-sex Education
- Single-Subject Research Design
- Social Context of Education
- Social Justice
- Social Network Analysis
- Social Pedagogy
- Social Science and Education Research
- Social Studies Education
- Sociology of Education
- Standards-Based Education
- Statistical Assumptions
- STEM-related Education, Indigenous Science Education and
- Student Access, Equity, and Diversity in Higher Education
- Student Assignment Policy
- Student Engagement in Tertiary Education
- Student Learning, Development, Engagement, and Motivation ...
- Student Participation
- Student Voice in Teacher Development
- Sustainability Education in Early Childhood Education
- Sustainability in Early Childhood Education
- Sustainability in Higher Education
- Teacher Beliefs and Epistemologies
- Teacher Collaboration in School Improvement
- Teacher Evaluation and Teacher Effectiveness
- Teacher Preparation
- Teacher Training and Development
- Teacher Unions and Associations
- Teacher-Student Relationships
- Teaching Critical Thinking
- Technologies, Teaching, and Learning in Higher Education
- Technology Education in Early Childhood
- Technology, Educational
- Technology-based Assessment
- The Bologna Process
- The Regulation of Standards in Higher Education
- Theories of Educational Leadership
- Three Conceptions of Literacy: Media, Narrative, and Gamin...
- Tracking and Detracking
- Traditions of Quality Improvement in Education
- Transformative Learning
- Transitions in Early Childhood Education
- Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities in the Unite...
- Understanding the Psycho-Social Dimensions of Schools and ...
- University Faculty Roles and Responsibilities in the Unite...
- Using Ethnography in Educational Research
- Value of Higher Education for Students and Other Stakehold...
- Virtual Learning Environments
- Vocational and Technical Education
- Wellness and Well-Being in Education
- Women's and Gender Studies
- Young Children and Spirituality
- Young Children's Learning Dispositions
- Young Children's Working Theories