War
- LAST REVIEWED: 23 March 2012
- LAST MODIFIED: 23 March 2012
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199791231-0029
- LAST REVIEWED: 23 March 2012
- LAST MODIFIED: 23 March 2012
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199791231-0029
Introduction
The study of children and war developed in the shadow of World War II and the Holocaust, in which millions of children were killed. The deaths of so many children in war raised the consciousness of the international community to the plight of children in situations of armed conflict. Not surprisingly, much of the scholarly and policy literature is dominated by concerns about the need to protect children from both the immediate and long-term consequences of war. In recent years, however, there has been some pushback against this approach, with many studies focusing on the agency and resilience of children, even in violent circumstances. As a result, research on war-affected children is characterized by a tension over whether children are best viewed through the lens of victimhood, or as resilient agents. These two perspectives, however, are not mutually exclusive: Children can be victimized by war and also remain remarkably resilient under extraordinarily dangerous and difficult circumstances. The effect of these two distinct perspectives on the same phenomenon can most readily be seen in studies of child soldiers, one of the most contentious problems of modern armed conflict. For many years, discussions of child soldiers were dominated by advocacy and policy literature that promoted banning the use of child soldiers. Generally, such work assumes that all persons under age eighteen are vulnerable and easily exploited and that the issue of child soldiers derives from the criminal exploitation of defenseless children by unscrupulous adults. The vast majority of child soldiers are teenagers, and in analyzing their involvement in armed combat, the advocacy literature tends to ignore their agency and political motivation or the historical circumstances in which they become soldiers. Scholars should be aware that though analyses may be shaped by a policy agenda, the data gathered for these studies can nonetheless often be of value. However, researchers need to be careful and intellectually critical when using such data, since advocacy literature contains many stated and unstated prescriptive policy presumptions. In recent years, anthropologists, historians, sociologists, and others have published more nuanced studies of the problem, taking into account the circumstances surrounding recruitment, the patterns of recruitment, the agency and subjective experiences of children, the distinction between children and adolescents, and cross-cultural differences in the meaning of childhood. These studies provide a more complex understanding of the role of children and youth in armed forces and groups. Similar issues are being considered in the study of other aspects of children’s lives in situations of conflict. One frequent result of war is that children are forcibly displaced from their families, homes, communities, and countries. As with studies of child soldiers, studies of these displaced children range from those that detail the plight of youngsters and the need for local, national, and international intervention to studies that describe the ability of young people to build new lives, create new relationships, and shape political, religious, and other social institutions to meet their own needs.
General Overviews
These studies examine the range of problems faced by children in situations of armed conflict. Machel 2001 is a revised version of a report authored for the United Nations on children and armed conflict. The report was widely disseminated and was a key document in focusing the attention of civil society and the wider international community on the need to protect women and children during times of war and to provide developmental and humanitarian help in conflict zones. While it is dedicated to children, the report is primarily a broad prescriptive text that focuses on the abuse and victimization of children during wartime and international legal and political mechanisms that can be used to protect them. In contrast, the essays collected in Boyden and de Berry 2004 provide detailed localized examinations of displacement, the psychological well-being of individuals and communities and the destruction of community networks, norms, and cultural resources in a way that takes into account the subjective meaning of these experiences to children. The book clearly advocates the position that solutions to the problems of war and displacement that derive from local experiences and that take into account the subjectivities of children and youth may clash with those proffered by international agencies and institutions. Boothby, et al. 2006 focuses primarily on the social and psychological issues confronting children and youth as a result of conflict. They also show that different children’s experiences of war vary greatly, so that efforts to extend help to war affected children should not be based upon general assumptions about children’s needs. Dupuy and Peters 2010 provides a basic sourcebook, as well as a very helpful survey of many of the issues that affect children in wartime. Pederson and Simmerfelt 2007 examines and evaluates key concepts we use in framing our understanding of the issues.
Boothby, Neil, Alison Strang, and Michael G. Wessells, eds. A World Turned Upside Down: Social Ecological Approaches to Children in War Zones. Sterling, VA: Kumarian, 2006.
A collection of essays by psychologists who have worked with children in war zones in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe. Emphasis is upon the resilience of children in war zones and the need to study the psychological impact of war and violence in context so as to avoid over-pathologizing children’s responses to war.
Boyden, Jo, and Joanna De Berry, eds. Children and Youth on the Front Line: Ethnography, Armed Conflict and Displacement. London: Berghahn, 2004.
A key collection of essays that emphasizes detailed ethnographic investigations and young people’s own narratives in understanding the impact of war on children’s lives. Special attention is paid to evaluating research methodologies in the study of children in conflict zones.
Dupuy, Kendra E., and Krijn Peters. War and Children: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2010.
A general reference book that provides a broad overview of the different ways in which armed conflict affects children and youth. Includes discussions of the recruitment of child soldiers, disarmament, demobilization, and the reintegration of demobilized children soldiers into postwar communities.
Machel, Graca. The Impact of War on Children. London: Hurst and Company, 2001.
The most widely cited policy treatise on children and war. The book is based on the author’s 1996 report to the United Nations General Assembly and has become the key document for NGOs and other advocacy groups in discussions of children and war.
Pederson, Jon, and Tone Simmerfelt. “Studying Children in Armed Conflict: Data Production, Social Indicators: An Analysis.” Social Indicators Research 84 (2007): 251–270.
DOI: 10.1007/s11205-007-9117-3
A much-needed review of social indicators relevant to research on children who are affected by armed conflict and how such research can be carried out. Discusses the technical and methodological problems associated with these issues, especially the problems of distinguishing among politically contentious definitions of war-affected children.
Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login.
How to Subscribe
Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here.
Article
- Abduction of Children
- Aboriginal Childhoods
- Addams, Jane
- ADHD, Sociological Perspectives on
- Adolescence and Youth
- Adolescent Consent to Medical Treatment
- Adoption and Fostering
- Adoption and Fostering, History of Cross-Country
- Adoption and Fostering in Canada, History of
- Advertising and Marketing, Psychological Approaches to
- Advertising and Marketing, Sociocultural Approaches to
- Africa, Children and Young People in
- African American Children and Childhood
- After-school Hours and Activities
- Aggression across the Lifespan
- Ancient Near and Middle East, Child Sacrifice in the
- Animals, Children and
- Animations, Comic Books, and Manga
- Anthropology of Childhood
- Archaeology of Childhood
- Ariès, Philippe
- Art History, Children in
- Attachment in Children and Adolescents
- Australia, History of Adoption and Fostering in
- Australian Indigenous Contexts and Childhood Experiences
- Autism, Females and
- Autism, Medical Model Perspectives on
- Autobiography and Childhood
- Benjamin, Walter
- Bereavement
- Best Interest of the Child
- Bioarchaeology of Childhood
- Body, Children and the
- Body Image
- Bourdieu, Pierre
- Boy Scouts/Girl Guides
- Boys and Fatherhood
- Breastfeeding
- Bronfenbrenner, Urie
- Bruner, Jerome
- Buddhist Views of Childhood
- Byzantine Childhoods
- Child and Adolescent Anger
- Child Beauty Pageants
- Child Homelessness
- Child Mortality, Historical Perspectives on Infant and
- Child Protection
- Child Protection, Children, Neoliberalism, and
- Child Public Health
- Child Trafficking and Slavery
- Childcare Manuals
- Childhod, Agency and
- Childhood and Borders
- Childhood and Empire
- Childhood as Discourse
- Childhood, Confucian Views of Children and
- Childhood, Memory and
- Childhood Publics
- Childhood Studies and Leisure Studies
- Childhood Studies in France
- Childhood Studies, Interdisciplinarity in
- Childhood Studies, Posthumanism and
- Childhoods in the United States, Sports and
- Childism
- Children and Dance
- Children and Film-Making
- Children and Money
- Children and Social Media
- Children and Sport
- Children and Sustainable Cities
- Children as Language Brokers
- Children as Perpetrators of Crime
- Children, Code-switching and
- Children in the Industrial Revolution
- Children with Autism in a Brazilian Context
- Children, Young People, and Architecture
- Children's Humor
- Children’s Museums
- Children’s Parliaments
- Children’s Reading Development and Instruction
- Children's Views of Childhood
- China, Japan, and Korea
- China's One Child Policy
- Citizenship
- Civil Rights Movement and Desegregation
- Class
- Classical World, Children in the
- Clothes and Costume, Children’s
- Collective Memory in Latin America, Childhoods and Collect...
- Colonial America, Child Witches in
- Colonialism and Human Rights
- Colonization and Nationalism
- Color Symbolism and Child Development
- Common World Childhoods
- Competitiveness, Children and
- Conceptual Development in Early Childhood
- Congenital Disabilities
- Constructivist Approaches to Childhood
- Consumer Culture, Children and
- Consumption, Child and Teen
- Conversation Analysis and Research with Children
- Critical Approaches to Children’s Work and the Concept of ...
- Crying
- Cultural psychology and human development
- Debt and Financialization of Childhood
- Disability
- Discipline and Punishment
- Discrimination
- Disney, Walt
- Divorce And Custody
- Dolls
- Domestic Violence
- Drawings, Children’s
- Early Childhood
- Early Childhood Care and Education, Selected History of
- Eating disorders and obesity
- Education: Learning and Schooling Worldwide
- Environment, Children and the
- Environmental Education and Children
- Ethics in Research with Children
- Eugenics
- Europe (including Greece and Rome), Child Sacrifice in
- Evolutionary Studies of Childhood
- Family Meals
- Fandom (Fan Studies)
- Fathers
- Female Genital Cutting
- Feminist New Materialist Approaches to Childhood Studies
- Feral and "Wild" Children
- Fetuses and Embryos
- Filicide
- Films about Children
- Films for Children
- Folk Tales, Fairy Tales and
- Folklore
- Food
- Foundlings and Abandoned Children
- Freud, Anna
- Freud, Sigmund
- Friends and Peers: Psychological Perspectives
- Froebel, Friedrich
- Gangs
- Gay and Lesbian Parents
- Gender and Childhood
- Generations, The Concept of
- Geographies, Children's
- Gifted and Talented Children
- Globalization
- Growing Up in the Digital Era
- Hall, G. Stanley
- Happiness in Children
- Hindu Views of Childhood and Child Rearing
- Hispanic Childhoods (U.S.)
- Historical Approaches to Child Witches
- History of Childhood in America
- History of Childhood in Canada
- HIV/AIDS, Growing Up with
- Homeschooling
- Humor and Laughter
- Images of Childhood, Adulthood, and Old Age in Children’s ...
- Infancy and Ethnography
- Infant Mortality in a Global Context
- Innocence and Childhood
- Institutional Care
- Intercultural Learning and Teaching with Children
- Islamic Views of Childhood
- Japan, Childhood in
- Juvenile Detention in the US
- Key, Ellen
- Klein, Melanie
- Labor, Child
- Latin America
- Learning, Language
- Learning to Write
- Legends, Contemporary
- Literary Representations of Childhood
- Literature, Children's
- Love and Care in the Early Years
- Magazines for Teenagers
- Maltreatment, Child
- Maria Montessori
- Marxism and Childhood
- Masculinities/Boyhood
- Material Cultures of Western Childhoods
- Mead, Margaret
- Media, Children in the
- Media Culture, Children's
- Medieval and Anglo-Saxon Childhoods
- Menstruation
- Middle Childhood
- Middle East
- Migration
- Miscarriage
- Missionaries/Evangelism
- Moral Development
- Moral Panics
- Mothers
- Multi-culturalism and Education
- Music and Babies
- Nation and Childhood
- Native American and Aboriginal Canadian Childhood
- New Reproductive Technologies and Assisted Conception
- Nursery Rhymes
- Organizations, Nongovernmental
- Orphans
- Parental Gender Preferences, The Social Construction of
- Parenting
- Pediatrics, History of
- Peer Culture
- Perspectives on Boys' Circumcision
- Peter Pan
- Philosophy and Childhood
- Piaget, Jean
- Play
- Politics, Children and
- Postcolonial Childhoods
- Post-Modernism
- Poverty, Rights, and Well-being, Child
- Pre-Colombian Mesoamerica Childhoods
- Premodern China, Conceptions of Childhood in
- Prostitution and Pornography, Child
- Psychoanalysis
- Queer Theory and Childhood
- Race and Ethnicity
- Racism, Children and
- Radio, Children, and Young People
- Readers, Children as
- Refugee and Displaced Children
- Reimagining Early Childhood Education, Reconceptualizing a...
- Relational Ontologies
- Relational Pedagogies
- Rights, Children’s
- Risk and Resilience
- Russia
- School Shootings
- Sex Education in the United States
- Sexuality
- Siblings
- Siblings, Learning Disabilities and
- Social and Cultural Capital of Childhood
- Social Habitus in Childhood
- Social Movements, Children's
- Social Policy, Children and
- Socialization and Child Rearing
- Socio-cultural Perspectives on Children's Spirituality
- Sociology of Childhood
- South African Birth to Twenty Project
- South Asia
- South Asia, History of Childhood in
- Special Education
- Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence
- Spock, Benjamin
- Sports and Organized Games
- Street Children
- Street Children And Brazil
- Subcultures
- Sure Start
- Teenage Fathers
- Teenage Pregnancy
- Television
- The Bible and Children
- The Harms and Prevention of Drugs and Alcohol on Children
- The Spaces of Childhood
- Theater for Children and Young People
- Theories, Pedagogic
- Tourism
- Toys
- Transgender Children
- Tweens
- Twins and Multiple Births
- Unaccompanied Migrant Children
- United Kingdom, History of Adoption and Fostering in the
- United States, Schooling in the
- Value of Children
- Views of Childhood, Jewish and Christian
- Violence, Children and
- Visual Representations of Childhood
- Voice, Participation, and Agency
- Vygotsky, Lev and His Cultural-historical Approach to Deve...
- War
- Welfare Law in the United States, Child
- Well-Being, Child
- Western Europe and Scandinavia
- Western Literature, The Urban Child in
- Witchcraft in the Contemporary World, Children and
- Work and Apprenticeship, Children's
- Young Carers
- Young Children and Inclusion
- Young Children’s Imagination
- Young Lives
- Young People, Alcohol, and Urban Life
- Young People and Climate Activism
- Young People and Disadvantaged Environments in Affluent Co...