Political Dissent
- LAST MODIFIED: 27 April 2017
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0141
- LAST MODIFIED: 27 April 2017
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0141
Introduction
Political dissent has existed in China since at least the time of Confucius in the 5th century BCE. Every political regime in China has provoked political dissent, some aimed to improve the current order and some designed to overturn it. Most dissent has claimed a moral imperative based on Confucian and later Buddhist values of humanity. By the mid-19th century these indigenous traditions of dissent combined with new examples of political activism drawn from Western societies, particularly liberal democracy and soon, socialism. Given the strong links between educated elites and the state embodied in the scholar-officials of the Qing and the cadres of China’s 20th-century governments, the line between political service and advice as Oxford Bibliographies article in Chinese Studies “Establishment Intellectuals” and political dissent and resistance has been blurry. Not only have Western scholars been inclined to view activities of some establishment intellectuals who saw themselves as loyal to their regime as dissidents, but also Chinese states have often declared loyal ministers or cadres to be dissidents after the fact. In the modern period, the regimes against which political dissent in China struggled and the public arenas through which this dissent has been expressed have changed markedly from the last imperial dynasty, the Qing, which fell in 1911, to the troubled Republic between 1912 and 1949, and in the PRC since 1949, with the years before the 1989 Tiananmen demonstrations and repression being significantly different from post-Tiananmen developments—much dissent moved from the streets before 1990 to the Internet today. Different kinds of political dissent can be identified, including literary dissent, social dissent, and legal dissent. Major themes of political dissent in modern China have included human rights, socialist legality, and constitutional order. Today, political dissent in China persists between the limitations of the Party under Xi Jinping and the opportunities afforded by the Internet. The study of political dissent is an inherently interdisciplinary topic engaging at least the perspectives of political science, sociology, philosophy, literary studies, and intellectual and social history in order to engage ideas of individuals and social groups, trends of thought and discourse, social and political institutions, as well as traditional historiographical questions of context and change over time. Thus, several other topics in the Oxford Bibliographies in Chinese Studies will be of use to those interested in China’s political dissent: Establishment Intellectuals, Modern Chinese Political Thought, Chinese Communist Party to 1949, Chinese Communist Party since 1949, Journalism and the Press, Revolutionary Literature under Mao, Chinese Literature Post-Mao, and 1989 People’s Movement.
General Overviews
Political dissent in China is largely, but not only, intellectual dissent. Studies of modern Chinese intellectuals generally cover the full century from late Qing scholar-officials, to May Fourth intellectuals and liberals in the Republic, to intellectual cadres and dissidents under Mao, to intellectuals of various stripes in the post-Mao period. Most studies focus on intellectuals who offered public criticism and even those that try to balance examples of state service by establishment intellectuals also cover political dissent.
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- 1989 People's Movement
- Aesthetics
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- Ancestor Worship
- Anti-Japanese War
- Architecture, Chinese
- Assertive Nationalism and China's Core Interests
- Buddhism
- Buddhist Monasticism
- Calligraphy
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- Children’s Culture and Social Studies
- China and Africa
- China and Peacekeeping
- China and the World, 1900-1949
- China's Agricultural Regions
- China’s Soft Power
- China’s West
- Chinese Alchemy
- Chinese Communist Party Since 1949, The
- Chinese Communist Party to 1949, The
- Chinese Diaspora, The
- Chinese Nationalism
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- Christianity in China
- Classical Confucianism
- Collective Agriculture
- Confucius
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- Contemporary Chinese Art Since 1976
- Corruption
- Criticism, Traditional
- Cross-Strait Relations
- Cultural Revolution
- Daoism
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- Disability Studies
- Drama (Xiqu 戏曲) Performance Arts, Traditional Chinese
- Dream of the Red Chamber
- Early Imperial China
- Economic Reforms, 1978-Present
- Economy, 1895-1949
- Emergence of Modern Banks
- Energy Economics and Climate Change
- Environmental Issues in Contemporary China
- Environmental Issues in Pre-Modern China
- Establishment Intellectuals
- Ethnicity and Minority Nationalities Since 1949
- Ethnicity and the Han
- Examination System, The
- Fall of the Qing, 1840-1912, The
- Falun Gong, The
- Family Relations in Contemporary China
- Fiction and Prose, Modern Chinese
- Film, Chinese Language
- Film in Taiwan
- Financial Sector, The
- Five Classics
- Folk Religion in Contemporary China
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- Foreign Direct Investment in China
- Gardens
- Gender and Work in Contemporary China
- Gender Issues in Traditional China
- Great Leap Forward and the Famine, The
- Guanxi
- Guomindang (1912-1949)
- Han Expansion to the South
- Health Care System, The
- Heritage Management
- Heterodox Sects in Premodern China
- Historical Archaeology (Qin and Han)
- Hukou (Household Registration) System, The
- Human Origins in China
- Human Resource Management in China
- Human Rights in China
- Imperialism and China, c. 1800-1949
- Innovation Policy in China
- Intellectual Trends in Late Imperial China
- Islam in China
- Jinping, Xi
- Journalism and the Press
- Judaism in China
- Labor and Labor Relations
- Landscape Painting
- Language, The Ancient Chinese
- Language Variation in China
- Late Imperial Economy, 960-1895
- Law, Traditional Chinese
- Legalism
- Li Bai and Du Fu
- Liang Qichao
- Literati Culture
- Literature Post-Mao, Chinese
- Literature, Pre-Ming Narrative
- Liu, Zongzhou
- Local Elites in Ming-Qing China
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- Macroregions
- Management Style in "Chinese Capitalism"
- Mao Zedong
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- Marxist Thought in China
- Material Culture
- May Fourth Movement
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- Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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- One Country, Two Systems
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- Poetics, Chinese-Western Comparative
- Poetry, Early Medieval
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- Porcelain Production
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- Su Shi (Su Dongpo)
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- Technology Transfer in China
- Television, Chinese
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- Tertiary Education in Contemporary China
- Texts in Pre-Modern East and South-East Asia, Chinese
- The Economy, 1949–1978
- Township and Village Enterprises
- Traditional Historiography
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- United States-China Relations, 1949-present
- Urban Change and Modernity
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- Water Management
- Xunzi
- Yan'an and the Revolutionary Base Areas
- Yuan Dynasty
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