Philosophy Edmund Husserl
by
Dan Zahavi
  • LAST REVIEWED: 14 September 2022
  • LAST MODIFIED: 30 June 2014
  • DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0210

Introduction

Edmund Husserl (b. 1859–d. 1938) is a central figure in 20th-century philosophy. A student of Brentano (b. 1838–d. 1917) and a contemporary of Frege (b. 1848–d. 1925), he is the founding father of phenomenology and thereby a figure with a decisive impact not only on thinkers like Heidegger (b. 1889–d. 1976), Merleau-Ponty (b. 1908–d. 1961), and Sartre (b. 1905–d. 1980) but also on subsequent theory formations in German and French philosophy. More recently, a number of Husserl’s ideas have also been taken up and discussed by analytic philosophers. Husserl is primarily known for his analyses of intentionality, perception, temporality, embodiment and intersubjectivity, for his rehabilitation of the lifeworld and his commitment to a form of transcendental idealism and for his criticism of reductionism, objectivism, and scientism. Most of Husserl’s writings have been published posthumously and they continue to disclose aspects of his thinking that it would have been difficult to anticipate through the study of the works originally published by Husserl himself. Many of these volumes have not yet been translated into English, and the same holds true for much of the relevant research literature.

General Overviews

The following list includes not only more historical overviews such as Spiegelberg 1981 and Moran 2000, which relate Husserl’s contribution to the work of other phenomenologists, but also a number of accessible introductions including Bernet, et al. 1993; Sokolowski 2000; Zahavi 2003; Smith 2003; Held 2003a; and Held 2003b that all provide a general outline of the different facets of Husserl’s thinking.

  • Bernet, Rudolf, Iso Kern, and Eduard Marbach. An Introduction to Husserlian Phenomenology. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1993.

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    NNNTranslation of Edmund Husserl. Darstellung seines Denkens (1989). Excellent treatment of the major topics and periods of Husserl’s phenomenology written by three renowned Husserl experts.

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  • Held, Klaus. “Husserl’s Phenomenological Method.” In The New Husserl: A Critical Reader. Edited by Donn Welton, 3–31. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003a.

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    NNNEnglish translation of Held’s German introduction to a selection of texts by Husserl entitled Die phänomenologische Methode: Ausgewählte Texte I (1985). Contains a concise presentation and discussion of some of Husserl’s methodological core-concepts by one of Germany’s foremost Husserl experts.

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  • Held, Klaus. “Husserl’s Phenomenology of the Life-World.” In The New Husserl: A Critical Reader. Edited by Donn Welton, 32–62. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003b.

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    NNNEnglish translation of Held’s German introduction to a second volume of selected texts by Husserl entitled Phänomenologie der Lebenswelt: Ausgewählte Texte II (1986). Discusses Husserl’s notions of constitution, passivity, intersubjectivity and lifeworld. When read in conjunction with the previous text by Held, it provides an overall introduction to Husserl.

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  • Moran, Dermot. Introduction to Phenomenology. London: Routledge, 2000.

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    NNNA more recent historical account that focuses on the major figures from Brentano to Derrida. It includes a number of chapters on Husserl.

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  • Smith, Arthur David. Husserl and the Cartesian Meditations. London: Routledge, 2003.

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    NNNAlthough being a commentary on Husserl’s Cartesian Meditations, the book manages to situate that work in the broader context of Husserl’s philosophy. Contains helpful discussions of a number of central themes and also a slightly controversial reading of Husserl as a metaphysical idealist.

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  • Sokolowski, Robert. Introduction to Phenomenology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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    NNNAlthough the book contains very few references to Husserl, it is a lucid introduction to and systematic discussion of themes in Husserlian phenomenology. Particularly apt for undergraduates.

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  • Spiegelberg, Herbert. The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction. 3d rev. ed. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 1981.

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    NNNA classical, if slightly outdated, historical survey of the phenomenological tradition. It accounts not only for Husserl’s thinking, but also for his philosophical predecessors, contemporaries, and post-Husserlian phenomenologists (up to Merleau-Ponty and Ricoeur). Is particularly valuable because of its inclusion and treatment of a number of lesser-known figures.

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  • Zahavi, Dan. Husserl’s Phenomenology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.

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    NNNA clear and concise introduction that discusses the development and overall unity of Husserl’s philosophy. Includes chapters on intentionality, reduction, temporality, embodiment, and intersubjectivity. Suitable for beginners.

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Primary Literature

Only a small part of Husserl’s philosophical writings were published during his lifetime. When he died in 1938, he left around forty-five thousand pages of research manuscripts, lecture manuscripts, and unpublished books. Shortly after his death, the critical edition (Husserl 1950–) was commenced and currently consists of forty-two volumes with more volumes in preparation. In addition to new editions of works already published during Husserl’s life, the edition also contains previously unpublished works, articles, lectures, papers, and research manuscripts. Many of these volumes, including Husserl 1973, have not yet been translated into English. Among the translated volumes Husserl 2001 is a good place to start. Husserl 1983 and 1990 are two complementary volumes that discuss not only phenomenological methodology and intentionality, but also embodiment and sociality. Husserl 1991 contains a comprehensive analysis of time-consciousness, Husserl 1960 is a concise and dense introduction to phenomenology with particular focus on intersubjectivity, Husserl 1975 discusses the relation between experience and conceptual thinking, and Husserl 1970 contains the famous analysis of the lifeworld. Husserl 1999 is a useful selection of central texts.

  • Husserl, Edmund. Husserliana: Edmund Husserl – Gesammelte Werke. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 1950–.

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    NNNThe definitive text critical edition of Husserl’s works.

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  • Husserl, Edmund. Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. Translated by Dorion Cairns. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1960.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4952-7Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNOriginally published in French as Méditations cartésiennes. Introduction à la phénoménologie (1931). The book is a dense introduction to a number of core themes in phenomenology. The final Fifth Meditation contains Husserl’s most famous (and criticized) investigation of intersubjectivity, and includes analyses of empathy and of the relation between intersubjectivity and objectivity.

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  • Husserl, Edmund. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Translated by David Carr. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1970.

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    NNNHusserl’s last book. The first part of it was published in a Yugoslav periodical in 1936, and an extended version was published posthumously in 1954 as Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie. Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie. The book contains some of Husserl’s best-known analyses of the relation between scientific rationality and the pre-scientific life-world. It also contains extensive discussions of the role of historicity.

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  • Husserl, Edmund. Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität I-III. Edited by Iso Kern. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2474-7Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNThree posthumously published volumes containing almost two thousand pages on the nature of intersubjectivity. Covers topics such as empathy, communication, we-intentionality, normality, tradition, historicity, instincts, sexuality, etc. The publication of these volumes gave rise to a number of new readings of Husserl’s thinking.

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  • Husserl, Edmund. Experience and Judgment. Translated by James S. Churchill and Karl Ameriks. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1975.

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    NNNOriginally published as Erfahrung und Urteil: Untersuchungen zur Genealogie der Logik (1939). In the book, Husserl analyses the experiential and prepredicative foundation of logic and conceptual thinking.

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  • Husserl, Edmund. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology. Translated by F. Kersten. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1983.

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    NNNTranslation of Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie I (1913). Marks Husserl’s turn to transcendental philosophy. It contains Husserl’s most famous introduction to phenomenological methodology as well as one of his most detailed analysis of intentionality. Among the central topics covered in the book are notions such as the epoché and the transcendental reduction, the natural attitude, noesis and noema, the pure ego and the question of transcendental idealism.

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  • Husserl, Edmund. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. Second Book: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution. Translated by R. Rojcewicz and A. Schuwer. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1990.

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    NNNTranslation of the posthumously published Ideen zur einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie. Zweites Buch: Phänomenologische Untersuchungen zur Konstitution (1952). The book contains some of Husserl’s most accessible writings on the phenomenology of sociality and embodiment. Its influence on Merleau-Ponty is quite noticeable.

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  • Husserl, Edmund. On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893–1917). Translated by J. Barnett Brough. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1991.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3718-8Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNTranslation of the posthumously published volume Zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins (1893–1917) which came out in 1966. Part of the text, however, was originally edited by Heidegger and already published in 1928 under the title Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewussteins. The book contains Husserl’s early investigation of the temporal structure of the stream of consciousness as well as some of his most incisive analyses of self-consciousness.

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  • Husserl, Edmund. The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Edited by Donn Welton. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.

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    NNNThe volume includes carefully selected key texts from a number of Husserl’s most important works. The selection is structured thematically rather than chronologically.

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  • Husserl, Edmund. Logical Investigations I-II. Translated by J. N. Findlay. International Library of Philosophy. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.

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    NNNEnglish translation of the second edition of Logische Untersuchungen (first edition 1900–1901, second edition 1913 & 1921). Corrections to translation and new introduction by Dermot Moran. This work constitutes Husserl’s “breakthrough” to phenomenology. It includes Husserl’s criticism of psychologism, and contains his first treatment of a whole range of key phenomenological concepts including a detailed analysis of intentionality.

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General Studies

The following books which include classical contributions such as Landgrebe 1963, Fink 1966, and Boehm 1968, as well as more recent contributions to the field should preferably be read after one has acquainted oneself with (some of) the introductory works listed in Introduction and General Overviews. In contrast to the books listed in the section Specialized Studies, the following contributions tend to provide more overarching interpretations of multiple aspects of Husserl’s work rather than being monothematic in their focus. Sokolowski 1974 and Crowell 2001 use intentionality and transcendental philosophy as their respective entry points into Husserl’s philosophy. Benoist 1994 relates Husserl to ongoing discussions in recent French phenomenology, whereas Welton 2002 engages directly with much of the posthumously published material.

  • Benoist, Jocelyn. Autour de Husserl: L’ego et la raison. Paris: Vrin, 1994.

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    NNNCollection of essays that primarily focuses on Husserl’s conception of rationality and his notion of transcendental subjectivity. Benoist’s discussion throughout also engages with more recent developments in French phenomenology.

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  • Boehm, Rudolf. Vom Gesichtspunkt der Phänomenologie. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1968.

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    NNNContains a number of very insightful and by now classical articles on different aspects of Husserl’s phenomenology. Of particular importance is Boehm’s treatment of the notion of the absolute and his discussion of Husserl’s concept of immanence.

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  • Crowell, Stephen Galt. Husserl, Heidegger, and the Space of Meaning: Paths toward Transcendental Phenomenology. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2001.

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    NNNOffers a refreshing view on the relation between Husserl’s and Heidegger’s phenomenology, with a particular focus on their similarities and the distinctive kind of transcendental philosophy they offer.

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  • Fink, Eugen. Studien zur Phänomenologie 1930–1939. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6422-1Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNCollections of essays on Husserl by one of his former assistants and close collaborators. Includes some very insightful early analyses of the ultimate aim and foundational concern of phenomenological philosophy.

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  • Landgrebe, Ludwig. Der Weg der Phänomenologie. Das Problem einer ursprünglichen Erfahrung. Gütersloh, Germany: Gerd Mohn, 1963.

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    NNNCollections of essays on Husserl by one of his former assistants and collaborators. Contains insightful discussions of Husserl’s notion of world, the status of sensations, and the relation between phenomenology and metaphysics.

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  • Sokolowski, Robert. Husserlian Meditations: How Words Present Things. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1974.

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    NNNA masterful presentation of central themes in Husserl’s thinking. Very accessible.

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  • Welton, Donn. The Other Husserl: The Horizons of Transcendental Phenomenology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.

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    NNNAn ambitious attempt to present a novel systematic reading of Husserl’s entire oeuvre. Contains valuable criticism of some of the traditional interpretations.

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Anthologies

Bernet, et al. 2005 is an invaluable collection of classical essays. Welton 2003 can serve as a multiauthored introduction to recent developments in Husserl scholarship. Smith and Smith 1995 contains essays that also discusses Husserl in relation to issues in analytic philosophy. Benoist 2008 presents a more French take on Husserl. Ierna, et al. 2011 gives a good overview of current Husserl scholarship.

  • Benoist, Jocelyn, ed. Husserl. Les Cahiers d’Histoire de la Philosophie. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2008.

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    NNNContains a number of fairly technical papers on Husserl by some of the most influential French Husserl scholars. Includes papers on logic, mathematics, imagination, and intentionality.

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  • Bernet, Rudolf, Donn Welton, and Gina Zavota, eds. Edmund Husserl - Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers. 5 vols. London: Routledge, 2005.

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    NNNA veritable treasure trove. The five volumes collects the best and most influential essays on Husserl from more than half a century. Most of them are in English translation.

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  • Ierna, Carlo, H. Hanne Jacobs, and Filip Mattens, eds. Philosophy, Phenomenology, Sciences: Essays in Commemoration of Edmund Husserl. Papers presented at a four-day conference held by the Husserl-Archives in Leuven in April 2009. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2011.

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    NNNEssays from a conference celebrating Husserl’s sesquicentennial. Contributions from leading Husserl scholars covering a variety of topics.

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  • Smith, Barry, and David Woodruff Smith, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Husserl. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

    DOI: 10.1017/CCOL0521430232Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNCollection of essays by mainly analytically trained philosophers working on Husserl.

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  • Welton, Donn, ed. The New Husserl: A Critical Reader. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.

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    NNNContains a number of papers that all address and attest to the many new facets of Husserl’s philosophy that the continuing publication of the text critical edition has brought to light.

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Reference Works

The following items are important resources for serious scholarship on Husserl. Schuhmann 1977 details Husserl’s research activities, Sepp 1988 contains information about Husserl’s life and work. Gander 2010 and Moran and Cohen 2012 are two recent dictionaries that provide explanations of Husserl’s key terms. The Husserl Page contains online bibliographical information.

  • Gander, Hans-Helmuth, ed. Husserl-Lexikon. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2010.

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    NNNA collaborative effort by forty-two scholars. Contains in-depth explanations of Husserl’s central concepts. Each entry contains helpful suggestions for further readings.

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  • The Husserl Page.

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    NNNProvides easy access to a lot of available internet resources including biographical information, chronological bibliography, online texts by Husserl, and upcoming conferences on Husserl.

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  • Moran, Dermot, and Joseph Cohen. The Husserl Dictionary. London: Continuum, 2012.

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    NNNContains A-Z entries with definitions of key terms used in Husserl’s writings.

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  • Schuhmann, Karl. Husserl­Chronik. Denk­ und Lebensweg Edmund Husserls. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977.

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    NNNA unique source of information for anybody interested in when Husserl was working on what topic. Covers Husserl’s work life month by month and sometimes day by day.

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  • Sepp, Hans-Reiner, ed. Edmund Husserl und die phänomenologische Bewegung: Zeugnisse in Text und Bild. Munich: Alber, 1988.

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    NNNCommemorative volume published on the fiftieth anniversary of Husserl’s death. Contains recollections from a number of Husserl’s erstwhile students and collaborators (e.g., Gadamer, Levinas, Landgrebe) as well as a wealth of historical information about Husserl’s life and work.

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Journals and Book Series

Husserl Studies is a journal devoted especially to the study of Husserl’s philosophy. Phaenomenologica is a book series that over the years have published many studies on Husserl’s philosophy.

Historical Influence

Husserl has had a decisive influence on the development of twentieth-century philosophy. The following list contains key texts that documents how Husserl was received by major figures in phenomenology. Heidegger 1985 contains Heidegger’s key criticism of Husserl. Levinas 1995 was the first extensive discussion of Husserl in French. Merleau-Ponty 1964, Derrida 1973, Derrida 2001 are three very original and insightful Husserl interpretations. Gadamer 1976 and Ricoeur 1967 are more introductory in character. Henry 2008 clearly shows how Henry absorbed Husserlian ideas into his own thinking.

  • Derrida, Jacques. Speech and Phenomena. In Speech and Phenomena and Other Essays on Husserl’s Theory of Signs. Translated by D. B. Allison and Newton Garver, 3–87. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1973.

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    NNNOriginally published as La Voix et le Phénomène (1967). Derrida’s best known and most influential text on Husserl’s phenomenological project. It relates Husserl’s theory of signs in Logical Investigations to his account of the structure of internal time consciousness and contains a discussion of what Derrida terms Husserl’s metaphysics of presence.

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  • Derrida, Jacques. “Violence and Metaphysics: An Essay on the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas.” In Writing and Difference. Translated by Alan Bass, 97–192. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.

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    NNNOriginally published as Violence et Métaphysique: Essai sur la pensée d’Emmanuel Levinas (1964). Although primarily assessing the work of Levinas, the text also contains Derrida’s extensive response to Levinas’s criticism of Husserl and a passionate and brilliant defense of the latter.

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  • Gadamer, Hans-Georg. “The Phenomenological Movement.” In Philosophical Hermeneutics. Translated and edited by D. E. Linge, 130–181. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

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    NNNTranslation of Die phänomenologische Bewegung (1963). Contains reflections on Husserl’s key ideas and his relationship to subsequent phenomenologists. Has some informative reflections on Husserl’s method and on how it has often been misinterpreted.

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  • Heidegger, Martin. History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena. Translated by T. Kisiel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.

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    NNNOriginally published as Prolegomena zur Geschichte des Zeitbegriffs (1979). Heidegger’s lecture course at the University of Marburg in the summer of 1925 contains his most explicit discussion and criticism of Husserl’s phenomenology, including Husserl’s theory of intentionality, his methodology, and his conception of consciousness.

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  • Henry, Michel. Material Phenomenology. Translated by Scott Davidson. Bronx, NY: Fordham University Press, 2008.

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    NNNOriginally published as Phénoménologie matérielle (1990). Contains Henry’s most sustained engagement with Husserl. Includes discussions of Husserl’s notion of hyle, of his phenomenological method, and of Husserl’s phenomenology of intersubjectivity.

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  • Levinas, Emmanuel. The Theory of Intuition in Husserl’s Phenomenology. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1995.

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    NNNOriginally published in French as Théorie de l’intuition dans la phénoménologie de Husserl (1930). The first extensive discussion of Husserl in French and the book that motivated Sartre to study phenomenology.

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  • Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. “The Philosopher and His Shadow.” In Signs. Translated by R. C. McCleary, 159–181. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1964.

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    NNNOriginally published in French as Le Philosophe et son ombre (1959) as Merleau-Ponty’s contribution to a volume commemorating Husserl’s centenary. One of Merleau-Ponty’s most incisive discussions of Husserl, where Merleau-Ponty attempts to unearth the implications of Husserl’s late philosophy and to think his “unthought” thoughts.

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  • Ricoeur, Paul. Husserl: An Analysis of His Phenomenology. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1967.

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    NNNEnglish translation of different articles that Ricoeur wrote on Husserl. The articles do not merely engage with the works of Husserl (Logical Investigations, Ideas I, Cartesian Meditations, Crisis) that most heavily influenced Ricoeur’s own philosophical position, they can also collectively function as a penetrating (if slightly outdated) introduction to Husserl.

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Specialized Studies

The following more specialized studies are suitable for more advanced readers, who already have prior familiarity with Husserl’s work. The titles listed under the different subheadings of this section constitute mandatory readings for dissertations on the topics in question.

Methodology

During the course of his writings, Husserl introduced a number of procedures that should facilitate the suspension of the pre-philosophical natural attitude and the adoption of the phenomenological attitude. Lenkowski 1978, Kern 1977, and Drummond 1975 analyze the question of how this shift can take place and assess the different strategies that Husserl pursued. Fink 2005, Kern 1964, and Mohanty 1989 discuss the character of Husserl’s transcendental philosophy and highlight the difference to Kant’s transcendental project. Overgaard 2004 offers an illuminating comparison of Husserl’s and Heidegger’s approach.

  • Drummond, John. “Husserl on the Ways to the Performance of the Reduction.” Man and World 8 (1975): 47–69.

    DOI: 10.1007/BF01250724Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNEngages critically with Kern’s distinction and argues that Husserl’s different ways to the reduction are individually necessary but only jointly sufficient.

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  • Kern, Iso. “The Three Ways to the Transcendental Phenomenological Reduction in the Philosophy of Edmund Husserl.” In Husserl: Expositions and Appraisals. Edited by Frederick Elliston and Peter McCormick, 126–149. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1977.

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    NNNOriginally published as “Die drei Wege zur transzendental-phänomenologischen Reduktion in der Philosophie Edmund Husserls” (1962). Kern argues that Husserl offers three distinct approaches to transcendental subjectivity: The Cartesian, the psychological, and the ontological way.

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  • Fink, Eugen. “The phenomenological philosophy of Edmund Husserl and contemporary criticism.” In Edmund Husserl: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers. Vol. 1: Circumscriptions: Classic Essays on Husserl’s Phenomenology. Edited by Rudolf Bernet, Donn Welton Rudolf, and Gina Zavota, 177–241. London: Routledge, 2005.

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    NNNOriginally published as “Die phänomenologische Philosophie Edmund Husserls in der gegenwärtigen Kritik” (1933). The article, which was personally endorsed by Husserl, defends the distinctiveness of Husserl’s transcendental project vis-à-vis neo-Kantian criticism.

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  • Kern, Iso. Husserl und Kant. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3601-6Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNA historical and systematic investigation of Husserl’s relation to Kant and neo-Kantianism (especially Natorp and Rickert). Contains detailed discussions of topics such as epistemology, transcendental philosophy, and idealism.

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  • Lenkowski, William Jon. “What Is Husserl’s Epoche? The Problem of Beginning of Philosophy in a Husserlian Context.” Man and World 11 (1978): 299–323.

    DOI: 10.1007/BF01251941Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNArgues that the effectuation of the epoché and the adoption of the phenomenological attitude require a preceding loss of familiarity with the known world, and that this estrangement happens passively. Exemplifies how one can read Husserl in a more Heideggerian fashion.

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  • Mohanty, Jitendra Nath. Transcendental Phenomenology: An Analytic Account. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.

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    NNNOffers an interpretation of Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology from a perspective informed by analytic philosophy. Includes helpful discussions of intentionality, essentialism, foundationalism, and relativism.

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  • Overgaard, Søren. Husserl and Heidegger on Being in the World. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2004.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2239-5Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNProvides a detailed presentation of Husserl’s and Heidegger’s respective projects and methods with a particular focus on the phenomenon of being-in-the-world.

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Intentionality

Intentionality is one of the fundamental key concepts in Husserl’s philosophy. Discussions of Husserl’s theory of intentionality in the United States, such as Føllesdal 1969, Smith and McIntyre 1982, Drummond 1990, Drummond 1992, have often focused on Husserl’s notion of the noema. Marbach 1993 offers a more comprehensive analysis of different forms of intentionality, whereas Volonté 1997 focuses on imagination. Beyer 2000 and Zahavi 2008 relate Husserl’s theory to the externalism-internalism debate.

  • Drummond, John J. Husserlian Intentionality and Non-Foundational Realism: Noema and Object. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1990.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1974-7Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNImportant investigation of Husserl’s theory of intentionality with particular focus on the notion of noema. Situates Husserl’s theory in the framework of his more overarching philosophical concerns and offers an extensive criticism of Føllesdal’s influential interpretation.

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  • Drummond, John J. “An Abstract Consideration: De­ontologizing the Noema.” In The Phenomenology of the Noema. Edited by John J. Drummond and Lester Embree, 89–109. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1992.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3425-7_7Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNContains a concise outline of Drummond’s noema interpretation: The noema is an ordinary object considered abstractly in a non-ordinary attitude rather than a non-ordinary abstract entity.

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  • Føllesdal, Dagfinn. “Husserl’s Notion of Noema.” Journal of Philosophy 66 (1969): 680–687.

    DOI: 10.2307/2024451Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNA very influential article that defends what has become known as a Fregean interpretation of Husserl’s noema: Rather than being that toward which consciousness is directed, the noema is taken to be that in virtue of which consciousness relates intentionally to its object.

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  • Marbach, E. Mental Representation and Consciousness. Towards a Phenomenological Theory of Representation and Reference. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1993.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2239-1Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNFairly technical analysis of the difference in intentional structure between perception, imagination, recollection and pictorial representation. Relates Husserl’s theory to discussions in cognitive science.

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  • Smith, David Woodruff, and Ronald McIntyre. Husserl and Intentionality: A Study of Mind, Meaning, and Language. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel, 1982.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9383-5Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNInfluenced by Føllesdal’s reading of Husserl, the book offers a comprehensive analysis of Husserl’s theory of intentionality. It compares Husserl’s theory to the theories offered by Brentano and Frege, and relates it to debates in analytic philosophy of mind and language.

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  • Volonté, Paolo. Husserls Phänomenologie der Imagination. Zur Funktion der Phantasie bei der Konstitution von Erkenntnis. Freiburg, Germany: Alber: 1997.

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    NNNDescribes Husserl’s methodological use of imagination and offers an analysis of its epistemic role.

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  • Beyer, Christian. Intentionalität und Referenz. Eine sprachanalytische Studie zu Husserls transzendentaler Phänomenologie. Paderborn, Germany: Mentis 2000.

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    NNNRelates Husserl’s theory of intentionality to current discussions in analytic philosophy of mind and language and offers an interpretation of Husserl as theorist of direct reference.

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  • Zahavi, Dan, ed. Internalism and Externalism in Phenomenological Perspective. Special issue of Synthese 160.3 (2008).

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    NNNContains a number of articles that situates and relates Husserl’s theory of intentionality and his more overarching understanding of the mind-world relation in the current discussion of internalism and externalism.

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Meaning and Knowledge

Husserl’s theory of intentionality has obvious epistemological and semantic implications. Mohanty 1964 and Tugendhat 1967 are two classical analyses of Husserl’s account of meaning and truth respectively. Føllesdal 1988, Pietersma 2000, and Hopp 2011 all cover Husserl’s work as an epistemologist and discuss to what extent he can be characterized as a foundationalist. Mattens 2008 contains contributions that relate Husserl’s theory of meaning to the debate about conceptual and pre-linguistic experience.

  • Føllesdal, Dagfinn. “Husserl on Evidence and Justification.” In Edmund Husserl and the Phenomenological Tradition: Essays in Phenomenology. Edited by Robert Sokolowski, 107–129. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1988.

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    NNNCriticizes foundationalist interpretations of Husserl and argues that the later Husserl developed a holistic view of justification that is similar to views defended by Quine and Rawls.

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  • Hopp, Walter. Perception and Knowledge: A Phenomenological Account. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

    DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511758621Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNArticulates and defends a Husserlian account of perceptual knowledge that engages directly with various central debates in contemporary analytic philosophy of mind and epistemology.

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  • Mattens, Filip, ed. Meaning and Language: Phenomenological Perspectives. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2008.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8331-0Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNContains a number of articles discussing Husserl’s philosophy of language (meaning, signs, ideality). Includes contributions on pre-linguistic experience and concept-formation.

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  • Mohanty, Jitendra Nath. Edmund Husserl’s Theory of Meaning. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964.

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    NNNRelates Husserl’s ideas of language, meaning, and logic to more recent discussions in analytic philosophy of language.

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  • Pietersma, Henry. Phenomenological Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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    NNNOffers an interpretation of the work of Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty that highlights their contribution to epistemology and theory of knowledge.

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  • Tugendhat, Ernst. Der Wahrheitsbegriff bei Husserl und Heidegger. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1967.

    DOI: 10.1515/9783111523071Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNClassical attempt to offer an encompassing analysis and comparison of Husserl’s and Heidegger’s phenomenology through a study of their account of truth.

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Logic and Philosophy of Mathematics

Husserl was trained as a mathematician, and his work on logic and the philosophy of mathematics has attracted an increasing interest in recent years. Centrone 2010 focuses on Husserl’s early work on logic and mathematics. Hartimo 2007, Hill and Haddock 2000, and Tieszen 2009 compare and contrast Husserl’s ideas with the views of a number of leading mathematicians. Lohmar 1989 and van Atten 2007 discuss Husserl’s relation to intuitionism. Tragesser 1984 relates Husserl’s analysis of mathematics to the realism–anti-realism debate. Hopkins 2011 engages with Husserl’s late work on mathematics.

  • van Atten, Mark. Brouwer Meets Husserl: On the Phenomenology of Choice Sequences. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2007.

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    NNNThe book attempts to reconcile intuitionism with Husserlian phenomenology and to show how Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology can provide a suitable philosophical foundation for intuitionism.

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  • Centrone, Stefania. Logic and Philosophy of Mathematics in the Early Husserl. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, and New York: Springer, 2010.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3246-1Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNOffers an in-depth study and original interpretation of Husserl’s early work on philosophy of logic and mathematics covering the period from Philosophy of Arithmetics (1891) to the Logical Investigations (1900–1901).

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  • Hartimo, Mirja, ed. Phenomenology and mathematics. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2007.

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    NNNA collection of essays by leading scholars of the relation between phenomenology and mathematics. Includes contributions that compares and contrasts Husserl’s contribution to that of leading mathematicians like Weierstrass, Gödel, and Boole.

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  • Hill, Claris Ortiz, and Guillermo E. Rosado Haddock. Husserl or Frege? Meaning, Objectivity, and Mathematics. Chicago: Open Court, 2000.

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    NNNThe essays in the book do not only compare and contrast Husserl and Frege, they also explore the relation between Husserl’s ideas and those of Cantor and Hilbert.

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  • Hopkins, Burt C. The Origin of the Logic of Symbolic Mathematics: Edmund Husserl and Jakob Klein. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.

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    NNNOffers an in-depth study of the conceptual origin of the logic of symbolic mathematics as investigated by Husserl and Klein. Hopkins argues that Klein shared Husserl’s late idea that an epistemological foundation of scientific knowledge requires a historical inquiry, and that Klein corrected and improved upon Husserl’s own account of the establishment of modern mathematical physics.

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  • Lohmar, Dieter. Phänomenologie der Mathematik: Elemente einer phänomenologischen Aufklärung der mathematischen Erkenntnis nach Husserl. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1989.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2337-9Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNThe book contains a brief account of the history of mathematics in the nineteenth century followed by a more extensive phenomenological study of mathematical knowledge that seeks to show how Husserl’s analysis offers an alternative to the standard choice between intuitionism and formalism.

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  • Tieszen, Richard. L. Phenomenology, Logic and the Philosophy of Mathematics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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    NNNA collection of essays focusing on the intersection between phenomenology, logic, and the philosophy of mathematics. Includes analyses of the relation between Husserl’s phenomenology and the work of Gödel, Weyl, Frege, and Poincaré.

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  • Tragesser, Robert S. Husserl and Realism in Logic and Mathematics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

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    NNNDiscusses the extent to which Husserl’s analysis of the status of mathematical objects can contribute to the realism–anti-realism debate.

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Subjectivity

Discussions of Husserl’s understanding of subjectivity tend like Carr 1999 to focus on its systematic and transcendental role, or like Bernet 1994 and Zahavi 1999 to target its central features and inner composition. Marbach 1974 and Taguchi 2006 also discuss how Husserl’s view on the egological character of consciousness changed over time, and on the theoretical motivation for this change.

  • Bernet, Rudolf. La vie du sujet: Recherches sur l’intérpretation de Husserl dans la phénoménologie. Paris: PUF, 1994.

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    NNNDocuments how Husserl in his continuing investigation of subjectivity (as found in his various research manuscripts) anticipated many of the critical moves made by subsequent phenomenologists (Heidegger, Sartre, Derrida).

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  • Carr, David. The Paradox of Subjectivity: The Self in the Transcendental Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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    NNNDefends Husserl’s transcendental approach to subjectivity against various criticisms (Heideggerian and poststructuralists), while also pointing to the unresolved tension inherent in Husserl’s assertion that subjectivity is both empirical and transcendental.

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  • Marbach, Eduard. Das Problem des Ich in der Phänomenologie Husserls. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974.

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    NNNDocuments and discusses Husserl’s reasons for abandoning his initial non-egological position in favour of an egological account of consciousness. Includes a comparison of Husserl’s notion of a pure ego with Kant’s notion of transcendental apperception.

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  • Taguchi, S. Das Problem des, Ur-Ich’ bei Edmund Husserl: Die Frage nach der selbstverständlichen, Nähe’ des Selbst. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2006.

    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-4855-6Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNOffers a very detailed and meticulous analysis of Husserl’s investigation of the most fundamental dimension of the I. Defends the view that Husserl’s analysis contrary to a widespread view doesn’t commit him to solipsism.

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  • Zahavi, Dan. Self­awareness and Alterity: A Phenomenological Investigation. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1999.

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    NNNEngaging with discussions within both analytical philosophy and contemporary German philosophy, the book provides a comprehensive analysis of Husserl’s theory of self-consciousness.

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Temporality

Husserl’s analysis of the structure of inner time-consciousness counts as another of his major accomplishments. Brough 1972, Kortooms 2002, and de Warren 2012 discuss the different phases of Husserl’s thinking on this topic. Gallagher 1998 relates Husserl’s theory to other competing accounts. Held 1966 analyzes some of Husserl’s most enigmatic texts on absolute time-consciousness. Rodemeyer 2006 discusses the relation between temporality and intersubjectivity. Lohmar and Yamaguchi 2010 contains essays covering different aspects of Husserl’s philosophy of time.

  • Brough, John Barrett. “The Emergence of an Absolute Consciousness in Husserl’s Early Writings on Time­Consciousness.” Man and World 5 (1972): 298–326.

    DOI: 10.1007/BF01248638Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNContains a concise analysis of the development of Husserl’s thinking on time-consciousness.

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  • Gallagher, Shaun. The Inordinance of Time. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1998.

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    NNNCompares Husserl’s analysis of time-consciousness with accounts offered by Husserl’s contemporaries as well as by more recent thinkers.

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  • Held, Klaus. Lebendige Gegenwart. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2059-5Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNA classical analysis of Husserl’s investigation of the most profound dimension of time-consciousness. Tackles the question of whether temporalization is an egological process.

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  • Kortooms, Toine. Phenomenology of Time: Edmund Husserl’s Analysis of Time-Consciousness. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 2002.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9918-4Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNA detailed investigation of the three main phases in Husserl’s thinking on time: The early lectures on time-consciousness, the Bernau Manuscripts, and the late C-Manuscripts.

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  • Lohmar, Dieter, and Ichiro Yamaguchi, ed. On Time: New Contributions to the Husserlian Phenomenology of Time. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2010.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8766-9Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNCollection of essays by leading scholars that reassess Husserl’s phenomenology of time in the light of the recent publication of his research manuscripts on temporality.

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  • Rodemeyer, Lanei M. Intersubjective Temporality: It’s About Time. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2006.

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    NNNFocuses on Husserl’s later manuscripts on time-consciousness with a special focus on the relation between intersubjectivity and time: How does temporality structure intersubjective experiences, and what kind of temporality is enabled by intersubjectivity?

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  • de Warren, Nicolas. Husserl and the Promise of Time: Subjectivity in Transcendental Phenomenology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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    NNNExplores how and why Husserl considered the question of time-consciousness to be the most difficult, but also the most central of all phenomenological questions. Its account of the relation between Husserl’s and Brentano’s respective theories of time-consciousness is particularly informative.

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Intersubjectivity

Husserl was one of the first philosophers to introduce the term intersubjectivity and to offer extensive analyses of the phenomenon. He considered a proper account of intersubjectivity absolutely crucial to his philosophical project. Schutz 1975 and Theunissen 1986 are two classical and influential criticisms of Husserl’s own account. Strasser 1975 is an early assessment of Husserl’s posthumously published writings on intersubjectivity. Steinbock 1995, Depraz 1995, and Zahavi 2001 are three attempts to provide a novel systematic interpretation of Husserl’s theory of intersubjectivity on the basis of those posthumously published manuscripts. Petit 1996 provides an interesting comparison between Husserl and Wittgenstein.

  • Depraz, Natalie. Transcendance et incarnation: Le statut de l ‘intersubjectivité comme altérité à soi chez Husserl. Paris: Vrin, 1995.

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    NNNOffers a reinterpretation of Husserl’s account of intersubjectivity in the Cartesian Meditations in the light of a close reading of the three posthumously published volumes on intersubjectivity (Husserliana XIII–XV). A core idea concerns the notion of an alterity internal to the self.

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  • Petit, Jean-Luc. Solipsisme et intersubjectivité: quinze leçons sur Husserl et Wittgenstein. Paris: Cerf, 1996.

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    NNNDrawing on many of Husserl’s posthumously published manuscripts, the author points to a number of substantial similarities between Husserl’s ideas about the intersubjective constitution of a shared world and Wittgenstein’s notion of forms of life.

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  • Schutz, Alfred. “The Problem of Transcendental Intersubjectivity in Husserl.” In Collected Papers III: Studies in Phenomenological Philosophy. Edited by I. Schutz, 51–91. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1975.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1700-8_4Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNOriginally published as “Das problem der transzendentalen intersubjektivität bei Husserl” (1957). A very influential criticism of Husserl’s analysis of intersubjectivity in Cartesian Meditations.

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  • Steinbock, Anthony. Home and Beyond: Generative Phenomenology after Husserl. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1995.

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    NNNOffers a new perspective on Husserl’s discussion of intersubjectivity by drawing on many of the posthumously published writings. Argues that Husserl ended up developing a generative phenomenology, that is, a phenomenology that ascribed a constitutive role to communal life and intergenerational change.

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  • Strasser, Stephan. “Grundgedanken der Sozialontologie Edmund Husserls.” Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung 29 (1975): 3–33.

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    NNNEarly assessment of Husserl’s posthumously published writings on intersubjectivity. Argues that the publication of these manuscripts made all existing views about the content of Husserl’s philosophy inadequate.

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  • Theunissen, Michael. The Other: Studies in the Social Ontology of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, and Buber. Translated by Christopher Macann. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.

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    NNNOriginally published as Der Andere: Studien zur Sozialontologie der Gegenwart (1965). A comprehensive critical analysis and comparison of Husserl’s phenomenology of intersubjectivity with the approach found in the philosophy of dialogue.

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  • Zahavi, Dan. Husserl and Transcendental Intersubjectivity: A Response to the Linguistic-Pragmatic Critique. Translated by E. A. Behnke. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2001.

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    NNNOriginally published as Husserl und die transzendentale Intersubjektivität: Eine Antwort auf die sprachpragmatische Kritik (1996). Argues that Husserl in the late phase of his thinking assigns a crucial role to transcendental intersubjectivity and that this has wide and transformative ramifications for the type of transcendental philosophy he defends.

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Passivity and Embodiment

Over the years, Husserl supplemented his analysis of intentionality and rationality with ever more wide-ranging investigations of the passivity and facticity of the embodied subject. Holenstein 1972 and Montavont 1999 offer two in-depth discussions of Husserl’s notions of association and passive genesis. Lee 1993 provides a detailed analysis of Husserl’s phenomenology of instincts and drives. Claesges 1964 is an early, but still relevant, discussion of the link between perception and bodily motility. Franck 2014 and Taipale 2014 both discuss Husserl’s phenomenology of the body.

  • Claesges, Ulrich. Edmund Husserls Theorie der Raumkonstitution. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964.

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    NNNAn older but still relevant discussion of Husserl’s analysis of space. Its discussion of the constitutive link between perception and movement (and the role of kinesthesia) is of particular importance.

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  • Franck, Didier. Flesh and Body: On the Phenomenology of Husserl. Translated by Joseph Rivera. London: Bloomsbury Academic Continuum, 2014.

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    NNNOriginally published as Chair et corps: Sur la phénoménologie de Husserl (1981). Offers a careful analysis of Husserl’s multilayered phenomenology of the body, and shows how Husserl’s investigation of the latter brought him to confront topics such as temporality, alterity, and intersubjectivity.

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  • Holenstein, Elmar. Phänomenologie der Assoziation: Zu Struktur und Funktion eines Grundprinzips der passiven Genesis bei E. Husserl. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972.

    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2731-1Save Citation »Export Citation » Share Citation »

    NNNAn older wide-ranging historical-critical analysis of Husserl’s conception of association. Explains its role in Husserl’s theory of intentionality and in his genetic phenomenology. Also includes a comparison of Husserl’s theory with other classical and modern theories of association (including those found in Gestalt psychology).

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  • Lee, Nam-In. Edmund Husserls Phänomenologie der Instinkte. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1993.

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    NNNA study of a dimension of Husserl’s thinking that is largely to be found in his posthumously published research manuscripts. Lee shows how Husserl’s in-depth investigation of intentionality eventually lead him to the development of a genetic phenomenology and to a disclosure of the role of passivity and the intentionality of drives.

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  • Montavont, Anne. De la passivité dans la phénoménologie de Husserl. Paris: P.U.F., 1999.

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    NNNA study that shows how Husserl’s exploration of the more fundamental levels of intentionality lead him to the realm of passivity and forced him to engage with topics such as anonymity, embodiment, facticity, and finitude.

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  • Taipale, Joona. Phenomenology and Embodiment: Husserl and the Constitution of Subjectivity. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2014.

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    NNNProvides a comprehensive and systematic investigation of the role ascribed by Husserl to embodiment in the constitution of self-awareness, intersubjectivity, and objective reality.

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